Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, with more than 200 identified strains. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), almost every sexually active person will contract HPV at some point in their lives. While most infections disappear naturally within one to two years, some high-risk strains such as HPV 16 and 18 can persist and lead to cervical cancer. These two strains alone cause nearly 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. However, not every HPV infection turns cancerous, and regular screening ensures early detection and prevention.

How HPV Leads To Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer develops slowly, often over 10–15 years. Persistent high-risk HPV infections may alter the genetic structure of cervical cells, producing abnormal growths. Factors such as smoking, weakened immunity (HIV, for example), and multiple pregnancies increase the risk. Early stages show no symptoms, making screening essential for prevention.

Key points on HPV and cancer risk:

• HPV is extremely common and often harmless.

• Only 14 types are considered high-risk for cancer.

• HPV 16 and 18 are the most dangerous strains.

• The immune system clears 90% of infections naturally.

• Persistent infections can cause precancerous changes.

Screening: The First Line Of Defence

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers when detected early. Doctors rely on two main tests:

• Pap smear test: Collects cervical cells to check for abnormalities.

• HPV DNA test: Identifies the presence of high-risk HPV strains.

Screening recommendations:

• Women aged 21–29: Pap smear every 3 years.

• Women aged 30–65: Co-testing (Pap + HPV DNA) every 5 years.

If results show abnormalities, doctors may recommend colposcopy, biopsy, or treatment of precancerous cells to prevent cancer development.

What To Do After A Positive HPV Test

A positive HPV test can cause fear, but it does not mean cervical cancer. Instead, it acts as an early warning. Doctors emphasize follow-up care depending on the strain:

• High-risk strains → closer monitoring and follow-up tests.

• Low-risk strains → routine screening continues.

• Abnormal results → colposcopy or minor procedures like cryotherapy or laser therapy.

The majority of HPV-positive women never develop cervical cancer if regular screenings are followed.

The Role Of Vaccination

HPV vaccination is a breakthrough in cancer prevention. It protects against the most common cancer-causing strains, including HPV 16 and 18. Some vaccines also cover additional high-risk strains like 31, 33, and 45.

Key vaccination facts:

• Recommended for boys and girls aged 9–14 before sexual activity.

• Adults up to 45 can still benefit.

• Even after infection, vaccines protect against other strains.

• Vaccination reduces but does not eliminate the need for regular screening.

Lifestyle And Immune Support

While medical tools are vital, lifestyle plays an important role in HPV management. A healthy immune system can naturally clear infections. Doctors recommend:

• Quitting smoking.

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

• Getting adequate sleep and exercise.

• Managing stress effectively.

These steps strengthen immunity, reducing the chance of persistent HPV infections.

Breaking Myths And Stigma

Many women hesitate to get tested due to stigma and misinformation. HPV is not a sign of promiscuity — it’s a virus that almost everyone gets. Open discussions, education, and awareness are crucial to breaking fear and silence around cervical health.