India Begins Supplying 5,000 Tonnes of Diesel to Bangladesh Amid Energy Crisis
In the midst of the ongoing US-Israel-Iran conflict, which has caused significant global energy strain, India has begun sending 5,000 tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh via the cross-border Friendship Pipeline. This move is part of an annual supply agreement in which India is committed to providing 180,000 tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh each year. The first consignment arrived on Tuesday, marking the beginning of a five-year plan to address Bangladesh's worsening fuel shortage. Banglade
India Begins Supplying 5,000 Tonnes of Diesel to Bangladesh Amid Energy Crisis
In the midst of the ongoing US-Israel-Iran conflict, which has caused significant global energy strain, India has begun sending 5,000 tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh via the cross-border Friendship Pipeline. This move is part of an annual supply agreement in which India is committed to providing 180,000 tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh each year. The first consignment arrived on Tuesday, marking the beginning of a five-year plan to address Bangladesh's worsening fuel shortage. Banglade
Jamaat Chief Slams Bangladesh President, Reveals Yunus-Islamists Nexus Amid Backlash
In a surprising turn of events, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Ameer Shafiqur Rahman has launched a sharp attack on President Mohammed Shahabuddin, following his public criticism of the Muhammad Yunus-led interim regime. Rahman’s comments, which came shortly after Shahabuddin revealed his experiences under the Yunus administration, inadvertently exposed a deeper connection between Bangladesh’s Islamist groups and the interim regime, hinting at a tacit alliance that has shaped the country's po
Jamaat Chief Slams Bangladesh President, Reveals Yunus-Islamists Nexus Amid Backlash
In a surprising turn of events, Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Ameer Shafiqur Rahman has launched a sharp attack on President Mohammed Shahabuddin, following his public criticism of the Muhammad Yunus-led interim regime. Rahman’s comments, which came shortly after Shahabuddin revealed his experiences under the Yunus administration, inadvertently exposed a deeper connection between Bangladesh’s Islamist groups and the interim regime, hinting at a tacit alliance that has shaped the country's po
Bangladesh Moves To Restore Cricket Ties With India After T20 World Cup Dispute
Bangladesh has signaled a major shift in its cricket diplomacy, expressing its willingness to repair strained cricket relations with India following the fallout over the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026. The move comes shortly after the new Bangladesh Nationalist Party government took office, with newly appointed Youth and Sports Minister Aminul Haque emphasizing the importance of restoring friendly relations through dialogue and cooperation. His remarks have raised hopes among cricket fans and
Bangladesh Moves To Restore Cricket Ties With India After T20 World Cup Dispute
Bangladesh has signaled a major shift in its cricket diplomacy, expressing its willingness to repair strained cricket relations with India following the fallout over the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2026. The move comes shortly after the new Bangladesh Nationalist Party government took office, with newly appointed Youth and Sports Minister Aminul Haque emphasizing the importance of restoring friendly relations through dialogue and cooperation. His remarks have raised hopes among cricket fans and
Myanmar earthquake of 5.9 magnitude sends tremors across Kolkata and Bangladesh
A moderate earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale struck Myanmar late Tuesday evening, sending noticeable tremors across parts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. The seismic activity, recorded by international monitoring agencies, caused brief panic among residents but did not result in any immediate reports of damage or injuries. According to data released by the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC), the epicentre of the Myanmar quake was located approximately 70 miles east of Akyab. The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) reported that the earthquake occurred at a shallow depth of 10 kilometres, a factor that often increases the intensity of shaking felt at the surface. The tremors were strong enough to be experienced in several areas of West Bengal, including Kolkata, as well as multiple regions across Bangladesh. Residents living in high-rise buildings and office complexes in Kolkata said they felt buildings sway for a few seconds shortly after 9 pm. Many people temporarily evacuated their homes and workplaces as a precaution. The shaking subsided quickly, and normalcy returned soon after. Authorities confirmed that no structural damage or casualties had been reported at the time of writing. Seismologists noted that this was the third felt earthquake in Myanmar within the past 71 hours, highlighting a period of heightened seismic activity in the region. Experts continue to monitor the situation for possible aftershocks, though no significant follow-up events have been recorded so far. Bangladesh also experienced another tremor earlier the same day. The National Centre for Seismology stated that a separate earthquake of magnitude 4.1 struck the country at a depth of about 150 kilometres. While deeper earthquakes generally produce less surface impact, residents in some districts still reported mild shaking. Scientists explain that earthquakes occur frequently around the globe, with minor seismic events happening roughly every 30 seconds. Most are too weak to be detected without instruments. However, the energy released increases sharply with each step on the logarithmic Richter scale, meaning a 5.9 magnitude quake releases substantially more energy than lower-intensity events. Officials have advised residents to remain alert and follow basic safety protocols during any future tremors. Disaster management teams continue to assess the situation while reassuring the public that there is currently no cause for alarm.
Myanmar earthquake of 5.9 magnitude sends tremors across Kolkata and Bangladesh
A moderate earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale struck Myanmar late Tuesday evening, sending noticeable tremors across parts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. The seismic activity, recorded by international monitoring agencies, caused brief panic among residents but did not result in any immediate reports of damage or injuries. According to data released by the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC), the epicentre of the Myanmar quake was located approximately 70 miles east of Akyab. The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) reported that the earthquake occurred at a shallow depth of 10 kilometres, a factor that often increases the intensity of shaking felt at the surface. The tremors were strong enough to be experienced in several areas of West Bengal, including Kolkata, as well as multiple regions across Bangladesh. Residents living in high-rise buildings and office complexes in Kolkata said they felt buildings sway for a few seconds shortly after 9 pm. Many people temporarily evacuated their homes and workplaces as a precaution. The shaking subsided quickly, and normalcy returned soon after. Authorities confirmed that no structural damage or casualties had been reported at the time of writing. Seismologists noted that this was the third felt earthquake in Myanmar within the past 71 hours, highlighting a period of heightened seismic activity in the region. Experts continue to monitor the situation for possible aftershocks, though no significant follow-up events have been recorded so far. Bangladesh also experienced another tremor earlier the same day. The National Centre for Seismology stated that a separate earthquake of magnitude 4.1 struck the country at a depth of about 150 kilometres. While deeper earthquakes generally produce less surface impact, residents in some districts still reported mild shaking. Scientists explain that earthquakes occur frequently around the globe, with minor seismic events happening roughly every 30 seconds. Most are too weak to be detected without instruments. However, the energy released increases sharply with each step on the logarithmic Richter scale, meaning a 5.9 magnitude quake releases substantially more energy than lower-intensity events. Officials have advised residents to remain alert and follow basic safety protocols during any future tremors. Disaster management teams continue to assess the situation while reassuring the public that there is currently no cause for alarm.
Sheikh Hasina Jailed For 10 Years In Bangladesh Land Allocation Corruption Cases
Bangladesh’s political turmoil deepened further on Monday as a Dhaka court sentenced deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to 10 years of rigorous imprisonment in two corruption cases related to alleged irregularities in government land allocations. The verdict, delivered by Dhaka’s Special Judge’s Court, marks another major legal setback for the former leader, who has been facing a barrage of cases since her removal from power in 2024. The cases revolve around the Rajuk New Town Project
Sheikh Hasina Jailed For 10 Years In Bangladesh Land Allocation Corruption Cases
Bangladesh’s political turmoil deepened further on Monday as a Dhaka court sentenced deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to 10 years of rigorous imprisonment in two corruption cases related to alleged irregularities in government land allocations. The verdict, delivered by Dhaka’s Special Judge’s Court, marks another major legal setback for the former leader, who has been facing a barrage of cases since her removal from power in 2024. The cases revolve around the Rajuk New Town Project
Sheikh Hasina Accuses Yunus Government of Turning Bangladesh Into a Blood-Soaked Landscape
Sheikh Hasina, the former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, has launched a scathing attack on the interim administration led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, accusing it of plunging the country into "murderous anarchy." In an audio message played at an interactive session organized by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of South Asia, Hasina described the state of Bangladesh as a "blood-soaked landscape" where democracy is now "in exile." She painted a grim picture of the country, once known for its peace and prosperity, now grappling with extreme violence, fear, and destruction. Hasina, who was ousted from power in August 2024 following violent protests and is currently living in exile in India, blamed Yunus and his government for the worsening situation in Bangladesh. She accused Yunus of taking power through a conspiracy, which led to widespread violence, torture, and the unchecked assault on religious minorities, particularly Hindus. The former Prime Minister also criticized Yunus’ government for suppressing freedoms, claiming that the country had become a "vast prison and execution grounds" under the interim administration. As Bangladesh heads toward the general elections in February 2026, Hasina warned of a "legitimacy crisis" if her party, the Awami League, remains banned from contesting. She claimed that law and order had completely collapsed under Yunus’ rule, and the country was in a state of political crisis. Despite Yunus’ promises to restore stability and oversee elections, critics, including Hasina's supporters, allege that the interim government's actions have undermined democratic processes and raised serious concerns over the credibility of the upcoming polls. With deepening political divisions and rising tensions, Hasina’s remarks underscore the challenges Bangladesh faces as it navigates a crucial period in its political history. Her comments on the nation’s future raise significant questions about whether the transition will bring about stability or prolong the ongoing crisis.
Sheikh Hasina Accuses Yunus Government of Turning Bangladesh Into a Blood-Soaked Landscape
Sheikh Hasina, the former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, has launched a scathing attack on the interim administration led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, accusing it of plunging the country into "murderous anarchy." In an audio message played at an interactive session organized by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of South Asia, Hasina described the state of Bangladesh as a "blood-soaked landscape" where democracy is now "in exile." She painted a grim picture of the country, once known for its peace and prosperity, now grappling with extreme violence, fear, and destruction. Hasina, who was ousted from power in August 2024 following violent protests and is currently living in exile in India, blamed Yunus and his government for the worsening situation in Bangladesh. She accused Yunus of taking power through a conspiracy, which led to widespread violence, torture, and the unchecked assault on religious minorities, particularly Hindus. The former Prime Minister also criticized Yunus’ government for suppressing freedoms, claiming that the country had become a "vast prison and execution grounds" under the interim administration. As Bangladesh heads toward the general elections in February 2026, Hasina warned of a "legitimacy crisis" if her party, the Awami League, remains banned from contesting. She claimed that law and order had completely collapsed under Yunus’ rule, and the country was in a state of political crisis. Despite Yunus’ promises to restore stability and oversee elections, critics, including Hasina's supporters, allege that the interim government's actions have undermined democratic processes and raised serious concerns over the credibility of the upcoming polls. With deepening political divisions and rising tensions, Hasina’s remarks underscore the challenges Bangladesh faces as it navigates a crucial period in its political history. Her comments on the nation’s future raise significant questions about whether the transition will bring about stability or prolong the ongoing crisis.
Hindu auto driver beaten to death amid rising unrest in Bangladesh
A 28-year-old Hindu auto-rickshaw driver was beaten to death in southeastern Bangladesh, marking the latest fatality in a continuing wave of violence targeting minority communities amid ongoing political unrest. The victim, identified as Samir Das, was attacked in the Daganbhuiyan area of Chittagong on the night of January 11, according to local reports. His death is the seventh reported killing of a Hindu individual since unrest intensified across the country in late December. The
Hindu auto driver beaten to death amid rising unrest in Bangladesh
A 28-year-old Hindu auto-rickshaw driver was beaten to death in southeastern Bangladesh, marking the latest fatality in a continuing wave of violence targeting minority communities amid ongoing political unrest. The victim, identified as Samir Das, was attacked in the Daganbhuiyan area of Chittagong on the night of January 11, according to local reports. His death is the seventh reported killing of a Hindu individual since unrest intensified across the country in late December. The
Jaishankar to attend Khaleda Zia funeral amid shifting India-Bangladesh ties
India’s External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar is scheduled to attend the state funeral of former Bangladesh Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia in Dhaka on December 31, marking a significant diplomatic gesture at a time of strained relations between the two neighbouring countries. The decision comes amid heightened political uncertainty in Bangladesh and a broader reassessment of regional alignments in South Asia following last year’s dramatic change of government in Dhaka. Kha
Jaishankar to attend Khaleda Zia funeral amid shifting India-Bangladesh ties
India’s External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar is scheduled to attend the state funeral of former Bangladesh Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia in Dhaka on December 31, marking a significant diplomatic gesture at a time of strained relations between the two neighbouring countries. The decision comes amid heightened political uncertainty in Bangladesh and a broader reassessment of regional alignments in South Asia following last year’s dramatic change of government in Dhaka. Kha
Bangladesh protests intensify as group demands ban on Indian work permits over Osman Hadi killing
Tensions in Bangladesh have escalated sharply following the killing of student leader Sharif Osman Hadi, triggering widespread protests and renewed anti-India sentiment across the country. A radical student outfit linked to Hadi, Inqilab Moncho, has issued a strong ultimatum to the interim Yunus administration, demanding sweeping action within strict deadlines, including the suspension of work permits issued to Indian nationals. The group announced its demands during a protest gathe
Bangladesh protests intensify as group demands ban on Indian work permits over Osman Hadi killing
Tensions in Bangladesh have escalated sharply following the killing of student leader Sharif Osman Hadi, triggering widespread protests and renewed anti-India sentiment across the country. A radical student outfit linked to Hadi, Inqilab Moncho, has issued a strong ultimatum to the interim Yunus administration, demanding sweeping action within strict deadlines, including the suspension of work permits issued to Indian nationals. The group announced its demands during a protest gathe
Pakistan eyes Saudi-style defence pact with Bangladesh: Why India is watching closely
Pakistan’s recent diplomatic and military outreach to Bangladesh has triggered fresh speculation about a potential defence agreement that could significantly reshape regional security dynamics in South Asia. Over the past few months, several senior Pakistani military officials, including the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Navy chief, and ISI head Lt General Asim Malik, have made repeated visits to Dhaka. These developments come as Bangladesh’s interim leadership u
Pakistan eyes Saudi-style defence pact with Bangladesh: Why India is watching closely
Pakistan’s recent diplomatic and military outreach to Bangladesh has triggered fresh speculation about a potential defence agreement that could significantly reshape regional security dynamics in South Asia. Over the past few months, several senior Pakistani military officials, including the chairperson of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Navy chief, and ISI head Lt General Asim Malik, have made repeated visits to Dhaka. These developments come as Bangladesh’s interim leadership u
Violent Protest Outside Bangladesh Mission in Delhi Over Dipu Das Lynching
A massive protest outside the Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi turned violent on Tuesday as members of the Vishva Hindu Parishad and other Hindu groups, including the Bajrang Dal, gathered to protest the lynching of Dipu Chandra Das in Bangladesh. Despite heavy security arrangements, demonstrators t
Violent Protest Outside Bangladesh Mission in Delhi Over Dipu Das Lynching
A massive protest outside the Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi turned violent on Tuesday as members of the Vishva Hindu Parishad and other Hindu groups, including the Bajrang Dal, gathered to protest the lynching of Dipu Chandra Das in Bangladesh. Despite heavy security arrangements, demonstrators t
Bangladesh Unrest Deepens As Sheikh Hasina Blames Yunus Govt For Rising Extremism And Violence
Sheikh Hasina has accused the Muhammad Yunus-led interim government of losing control of Bangladesh as the country faces growing unrest, rising extremism, and weakening ties with India. The former Prime Minister said that violence has become routine and that the current administration appears unable to stop attacks targeting civilians, minorities, and institutions. Sharif Osman Hadi, a radical student leader, was shot in Dhaka on December 12 and later died from his injuries. His dea
Bangladesh Unrest Deepens As Sheikh Hasina Blames Yunus Govt For Rising Extremism And Violence
Sheikh Hasina has accused the Muhammad Yunus-led interim government of losing control of Bangladesh as the country faces growing unrest, rising extremism, and weakening ties with India. The former Prime Minister said that violence has become routine and that the current administration appears unable to stop attacks targeting civilians, minorities, and institutions. Sharif Osman Hadi, a radical student leader, was shot in Dhaka on December 12 and later died from his injuries. His dea
Bangladesh Govt Condemns Hindu Man’s Lynching As Unrest Grows After Student Leader’s Death
Bangladesh’s interim government, led by Muhammad Yunus, denounced the lynching of Hindu garment worker Dipu Chandra Das, who was beaten to death in Mymensingh after being accused of making derogatory remarks about Prophet Muhammad. The government said there is no place for violence in a New Bangladesh and assured that those responsible for the killing will face strict legal action. The attack took place on Thursday night in Dubalia Para, where residents allegedly confronted Dipu before fata
Bangladesh Govt Condemns Hindu Man’s Lynching As Unrest Grows After Student Leader’s Death
Bangladesh’s interim government, led by Muhammad Yunus, denounced the lynching of Hindu garment worker Dipu Chandra Das, who was beaten to death in Mymensingh after being accused of making derogatory remarks about Prophet Muhammad. The government said there is no place for violence in a New Bangladesh and assured that those responsible for the killing will face strict legal action. The attack took place on Thursday night in Dubalia Para, where residents allegedly confronted Dipu before fata
Bangladesh youth leader Sharif Osman Hadi dies after Dhaka shooting
A prominent youth leader from Bangladesh, Sharif Osman Hadi, has died in Singapore after succumbing to severe injuries sustained during an assassination attempt in Dhaka earlier this month, officials confirmed on Thursday. His death has sent shockwaves through political circles in Bangladesh and has raised renewed concerns over political violence targeting emerging leaders. Sharif Osman Hadi served as the spokesperson of Inqilab Mancho, a youth-oriented political platform that has g
Bangladesh youth leader Sharif Osman Hadi dies after Dhaka shooting
A prominent youth leader from Bangladesh, Sharif Osman Hadi, has died in Singapore after succumbing to severe injuries sustained during an assassination attempt in Dhaka earlier this month, officials confirmed on Thursday. His death has sent shockwaves through political circles in Bangladesh and has raised renewed concerns over political violence targeting emerging leaders. Sharif Osman Hadi served as the spokesperson of Inqilab Mancho, a youth-oriented political platform that has g
Jersey City Bangladeshi restaurant earns national recognition
A small family-run restaurant in Jersey City has become a standout success story in the local dining scene, driven by determination, cultural pride, and an unlikely culinary journey. Korai Kitchen, the city’s first Bangladeshi restaurant, is operated by a mother-daughter duo whose path to national recognition began without formal training or professional kitchen experience. Chef and owner Nur-E Gulshan Rahman opened Korai Kitchen alongside her daughter, Nur-E Farhana, in February
Jersey City Bangladeshi restaurant earns national recognition
A small family-run restaurant in Jersey City has become a standout success story in the local dining scene, driven by determination, cultural pride, and an unlikely culinary journey. Korai Kitchen, the city’s first Bangladeshi restaurant, is operated by a mother-daughter duo whose path to national recognition began without formal training or professional kitchen experience. Chef and owner Nur-E Gulshan Rahman opened Korai Kitchen alongside her daughter, Nur-E Farhana, in February
Violence Flares In Bangladesh As India Shuts Visa Centres Over Security Threats
Tension in Bangladesh has sharply escalated after India closed its visa centres in Rajshahi and Khulna, prompting violent protests and warnings of further unrest. Demonstrators clashed with security personnel near the Assistant High Commission of India in Rajshahi after attempting to march toward the compound. Protesters accused India of injustice and went so far as to threaten bloodshed, saying they would use swords or other weapons if necessary. The situation has alarmed authorities on both
Violence Flares In Bangladesh As India Shuts Visa Centres Over Security Threats
Tension in Bangladesh has sharply escalated after India closed its visa centres in Rajshahi and Khulna, prompting violent protests and warnings of further unrest. Demonstrators clashed with security personnel near the Assistant High Commission of India in Rajshahi after attempting to march toward the compound. Protesters accused India of injustice and went so far as to threaten bloodshed, saying they would use swords or other weapons if necessary. The situation has alarmed authorities on both
Bangladesh Seeks Interpol Help To Extradite Sheikh Hasina After ICT Death Verdict
Bangladesh’s interim government led by Muhammad Yunus is moving forward with plans to seek Interpol’s assistance to extradite former prime minister Sheikh Hasina and ex-home minister Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal from India. The move comes shortly after the International Crimes Tribunal in Dhaka sentenced both leaders to death in absentia for alleged crimes against humanity linked to the July–August 2024 unrest. Prosecutor Gazi MH Tamim confirmed that preparations are underway to request a fre
Bangladesh Seeks Interpol Help To Extradite Sheikh Hasina After ICT Death Verdict
Bangladesh’s interim government led by Muhammad Yunus is moving forward with plans to seek Interpol’s assistance to extradite former prime minister Sheikh Hasina and ex-home minister Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal from India. The move comes shortly after the International Crimes Tribunal in Dhaka sentenced both leaders to death in absentia for alleged crimes against humanity linked to the July–August 2024 unrest. Prosecutor Gazi MH Tamim confirmed that preparations are underway to request a fre
Bangladesh Erupts In Violent Clashes After Sheikh Hasina Death Verdict; Two Killed
Bangladesh witnessed massive unrest on Monday as clashes broke out across Dhaka and several other regions following the International Crimes Tribunal’s death penalty verdict against ousted Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The ruling, linked to charges of incitement, killings and failure to prevent atrocities during the student-led uprising of 2024, triggered violent confrontations between Awami League supporters, rival groups, and security forces. Two people lost their lives as highways were b
Bangladesh Erupts In Violent Clashes After Sheikh Hasina Death Verdict; Two Killed
Bangladesh witnessed massive unrest on Monday as clashes broke out across Dhaka and several other regions following the International Crimes Tribunal’s death penalty verdict against ousted Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The ruling, linked to charges of incitement, killings and failure to prevent atrocities during the student-led uprising of 2024, triggered violent confrontations between Awami League supporters, rival groups, and security forces. Two people lost their lives as highways were b
Sheikh Hasina’s Death Sentence Sparks Diplomatic Standoff As India Faces Extradition Call
Bangladesh has issued one of its most severe political judgments in history, sentencing former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to death for crimes against humanity allegedly committed during the 2024 student protests. However, the ruling is complicated by the fact that Hasina is currently in India, where she has been living for over a year since fleeing Dhaka after her government collapsed. With the International Crimes Tribunal passing the harsh verdict in her absence, Bangladesh’s interim ad
Sheikh Hasina’s Death Sentence Sparks Diplomatic Standoff As India Faces Extradition Call
Bangladesh has issued one of its most severe political judgments in history, sentencing former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to death for crimes against humanity allegedly committed during the 2024 student protests. However, the ruling is complicated by the fact that Hasina is currently in India, where she has been living for over a year since fleeing Dhaka after her government collapsed. With the International Crimes Tribunal passing the harsh verdict in her absence, Bangladesh’s interim ad
Protests Erupt in Dhaka as Yunus Govt Bows to Islamists, Drops Music Teachers from Schools
Massive student and teacher protests erupted across Dhaka University and Jagannath University after the Yunus-led interim government scrapped the posts of music and physical education teachers in public schools. The move came after Islamist organisations like Hefazat-e-Islam and Islami Andolon Bangladesh denounced such subjects as “un-Islamic” and threatened street protests unless the government prioritized religious education. The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education had init
Protests Erupt in Dhaka as Yunus Govt Bows to Islamists, Drops Music Teachers from Schools
Massive student and teacher protests erupted across Dhaka University and Jagannath University after the Yunus-led interim government scrapped the posts of music and physical education teachers in public schools. The move came after Islamist organisations like Hefazat-e-Islam and Islami Andolon Bangladesh denounced such subjects as “un-Islamic” and threatened street protests unless the government prioritized religious education. The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education had init









